Skilled Trades and Technology
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Welding
Introducing to Welding
Welding is a process that is very common in making and constructing metal structure. The welding process involves melting different pieces or parts, and fusing them or connecting them together as they cool down.
The evolution of welding technology spans across centuries and different civilizations. Welding is not only instrumental to the construction and growth of many different structures, it has also been essential to the advancement of industry and civilization across the globe.
The demand for workers and individuals who are knowledgeable and skilled in the area of welding has steadily increased, and it will continue to do so in the coming years.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain the welding industry and various career options
- Define welding terms and acronyms
- Describe the main welding processes and techniques
- Identify the important professional skills required for welders in the workplace and in a welding career
Welding Safety
Welders are key contributors to a variety of construction and industrial crafts. These include building and bridge construction, ship and oil rig construction and repair, heavy industry, and pipeline work. Welding requires extensive knowledge and skill not only to perform high quality work, but, most importantly, to continuously commit to safety.
Your safety is your own responsibility. That's why safety is as important as being a talented welding fabrication worker.
If an accident does occur on a welding site, it can have grave consequences. Serious accidents may result in local, state or national investigations. If OSHA becomes involved in investigations, the worksite could be shut down for a while or maybe even permanently.
It's important for welders to always follow the safety guidelines and principles while at work and to never play around with the tools, equipment, and with the other workers at the work site.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Identify the type of injuries that can occur in welding environments and jobs
- Identify the personal protective equipment used in welding activities and explain its proper use
- Describe the ventilation needs in welding and environment and related ventilation equipment
- Explain the use of Safety Data Sheets (SDSs)
- Explain the safe handling, storing, securing, and use of gas cylinders
- Discuss the fire protection procedures and equipment used in welding environments
- Discuss the equipment maintenance tasks required in welding environments
- Identify the safety considerations related to portable equipment
- Identify the safety considerations related to hand and power tools
- Explain the safe and proper lifting and lowering of heavy items
- Identify the common general safety procedures in a welding shop including incident documentation
Flame Cutting
Oxyfuel gas cutting or OFC is a cutting process that uses a mixture of oxygen and fuel gas to cut through metal. some of the fuel gasses used are acetylene, MAPP, propane, propylene, and natural gas. In OFC, the temperature of the metal is raised to its ignition point, or its kindling temperature. This is the temperature at which combustion occurs. Once the metal is preheated a jet of oxygen is directed onto the area, causing a chemical reaction that cuts the metal.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Define oxyfuel gas cutting (OFC) including uses, fuels, metals
- Describe each piece of equipment and component used in OFC
- Describe equipment care and maintenance for regulator, torch, cylinders, hoses, fittings
- Explain how to setup and operate OFC equipment
- Explain OFC for specific cuts
- Describe use of mechanized equipment
Plasma Arc Cutting
One of the mot common cutting processes in welding is Plasma Arc Cutting. This is a process that uses a plasma torch to emit a high-temperature ionized gas. This extremely hot gas can melt and cut through metals such as iron, aluminum, steel, alloy and copper. Plasma arc cutting results in more accurate and defined metal formations. There is less chance of distortion or deformation when cutting and shaping metals using this cutting process.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Define the plasma arc cutting process and its advantages and disadvantages
- Explain how the plasma arc cutting equipment works
- Explain how to setup and operate plasma arc cutting equipment
- Discuss the safety procedures related to plasma arc cutting
Other Cutting Processes
There are many cutting and drilling technologies used today in welding and in other industries. Many useful cutting processes have been developed over time for use both in the welding industry and in other fields. These cutting methods can be used to cut a variety of items such as glass, plastic, printed circuit boards, cloth, and fiberglass insulation. Welders should maintain a working knowledge of the 4 common cutting methods below and be prepared to perform these on the job.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain laser-beam cutting (LBC)
- Explain laser-beam drilling (LBD)
- Explain oxygen lance cutting
- Explain water jet cutting
- Explain air-carbon arc cutting and gouging
Welding Specimen Preparation & Weld Types
Welders don't have to be specialists in metallurgy - the science of metals - as this is a rather expansive and complicated field. However, they need to understand the basic mettalurgical concepts in order to be able to decide on the most appropriate way to produce good weldment. Heating and cooling metals is accomplished in welding to alter the metal's property and structure.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Define some basic metallurgy concepts related to welding and cutting
- Describe the properties of steel
- Identify the different types of welds
- Define the different welding positions
- Explain concepts related to joint design as they relate to welding
- Discuss welding codes and specifications
- Explain the steps in cleaning base metal for welding using mechanical means and chemical processes
- Describe how to prepare a welding joint for welding. using mechanical and thermal means
- Review welding safety
Welding Testing & Inspection
Welders must complete welding tasks correctly, accurately, and safely. In welding, small mistakes can easily lead to serious accidents. The welding process must also meet the industry's established standards, codes and specifications. Welding requirements vary based on the type of material used, the welding process, and the purpose of the welded or cut product. For example, welding ornamental objects such as gates and fences do not require the same standards as welding aircraft, bridges, ships and other larger structures. When welders carefully follow the codes, standards, and specifications, we all benefit from strong, high quality welds and finished products.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain purpose and source of welding codes and standards
- Describe and identify common welding discontinuities including causes and preventive measures
- Describe common nondestructive examinations for welds
- Describe common destructive examinations for welds
- Distinguish between welder procedure qualification, welder performance qualification, welding operator qualification
Welding Drawings
Aside from engineers, drafters, and designers, welders also use drawings, known as blueprints, in their day-to-day activities. Welders must be ready to interpret drawings correctly. The drawings include planning specifications and safety guidelines. If a welder alters or fails to follow a drawing, it could lead to a violation of federal or state standards or building codes. This may then lead to fines and other penalties. Also a deviation from the drawings could create an unsafe structure or product. This may lead to injury or even death. Welders must be ready to read and interpret drawings accurately to avoid these problems.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Identify the major components and markings of welding detail drawings
- Interpret welding symbols
- Interpret sizing and dimensioning of various welds
SMAW Equipment Setup & Operation
Proper setup and equipment for Shielded Metal Arc Welding or SMAW is essential to this widely-used welding process. SMAW welding is very versatile because it can make a wide variety of welds with many different metal types, metal thicknesses, and weld positions.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain the safety considerations and hazards related to SMAW welding and the welding environment
- Explain the current flow in SMAW welding equipment
- Identify SMAW welding equipment, its components, and related tools
- Explain the steps for setting up SMAW equipment
- Describe the steps to properly starting and stopping SMAW equipment
- Describe the proper storage procedures for SMAW equipment
- Describe the proper maintenance tasks for SMAW equipment
Shielding Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
SMAW welding can make a wide variety of welds with many different metal types, metal thicknesses, and weld positions. Commonly called stick welding, SMAW processes involve the use of a flux-coated metal rod, called an electrode, to form a weld with a base metal, or workpiece. The welding machine produces an electrical current that forms an arc across the gap between the end of the electrode and the metal being welded when the welder holds the electrode very close to the metal. The arc is hot enough to melt both the electrode and the metal, mixing the molten material and vaporizing the flux covering on the electrode to surround, purify and protect the weld, finally forming a strong, solid weld.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Bead and Fillet Welds
- Explain the safety practices required for shielded metal arc welding
- Explain the steps required for preparing the work space and associated areas for shielded metal arc welding
- Explain how to strike an arc and adjust the arc blow
- Explain how to safely restart and terminate a weld pass
- Explain the proper technique for producing a stringer bead
- Explain the proper technique for producing a weave bead
- Explain the proper technique for producing an overlapping bead
- Explain the proper technique required to produce fillet weld in all positions
Groove Welds with Backing
- Identify the different type of groove welds
- Describe how to prepare for groove welding
- Explain how to produce grove welds in 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G positions
Open-Root Grove Welds – Pate
- Explain how to produce open V-groove welds in 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G positions
Joint Fit-Up & Alignment
Joint Fit-up and Alignment includes Bead and Fillet Welds.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
Bead and Fillet Welds
- Describe measuring devices used in welding
- Describe fit-up gauges used in welding
- Describe weldment positioning equipment
- Describe plate alignment tools
- Describe pipe and flange alignment tools
- Define weldment distortion and how to control it
Electrical
Introduction to Electrical Trades
This resource introduces the learner to the electrical trade industry and various positions, roles, and specialties. It outlines the required skills and credentials for electrical workers as well as the governing organizations that provide guidance and standards for the industry. This course also covers the many different types of equipment, tools, and fasteners used by electrical workers. These important concepts set the stage for learning the specific concepts and procedures for the job.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Describe the electrical trade industry and its role in construction.
- Differentiate between the different positions and roles in electrical trade areas including steps required to be employed in those positions, career advancement opportunities, and subspecialties.
- State the major job-related statistics and employment outlook related to the electric trade industry
- Identify the credentials related to working in electrical trade areas.
- Describe the daily work life of electrical trade workers and related professionals.
- Identify the governing bodies that support the electrical trade industry.
- Distinguish between residential, commercial electrical systems, and industrial electrical systems, including the major components in each system.
- Identify the major tools, fasteners, and related procedures common to electrical trade workers.
Safety: Basic Concepts for Electrical Trades
This resource covers the foundational concepts related to performing procedures and tasks in a safe and proper way. Additionally, it discusses the numerous standards developed by many different agencies and organizations that help keep the industry workers, electrical customers, and general public safe.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain how electricity is a hazard to the human body.
- Explain how to verify that electrical circuits are de-energized.
- Describe the proper use of PPE for the electrical trade.
- State the OSHA requirements for electrical safety.
- Explain the OSHA Lockout/Tagout Rule.
- Explain NFPA 70E.
- Explain safety practices related to confined spaces.
- Explain safety practices related to hazardous materials commonly used in the electrical trades.
- State general workplace safety practices and related tools.
Electrical Basics: Theory and Circuits
This resource explores basic electrical theory required to safely and properly wire electrical systems in residential construction. It also explains electrical circuits and how electrical parameters of voltage, current, resistance, and power are measured and calculated.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain basic electrical theory used by electrical workers.
- Define electrical current.
- Define electrical resistance.
- Define electromotive force/voltage
- Apply Ohm’s Law in calculating resistance, voltage, and current.
- Explain electrical circuits in series, parallel, and series-parallel.
- Describe electrical schematics.
- Define electrical power.
- Explain power rating of resistors.
- Use the expanded Ohm’s Law Circle
- Calculate voltage drops.
- Explain Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
- Explain Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
Electrical Measurement: Concepts, Equipment, and Procedures
This resource explores the tools used to measure electrical parameters including continuity testers, voltage testers, voltmeters, ammeters, ohmmeters, megohmmeters, ground resistance meters, multimeters, clamp meters, motor rotation testers, and kilowatt-hour meters. Electrical workers must understand how and to when to use each device and what to do with the resulting information.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain how to properly use a continuity tester.
- Explain how to properly use a voltage tester.
- Explain how to properly use a voltmeter.
- Explain how to properly use an ammeter (both in-line and clamp-on).
- Explain how to proper use an ohmmeter.
- Explain how to use a megohmmeter.
- Explain how to properly use a ground resistance meter.
- Explain how to properly use a multimeter.
- Describe a clamp meter.
- Explain how to use a motor rotation tester.
- Explain how to use a phase rotation tester.
- Explain how to read a kilowatt-hour meter.
- Explain how to read a smart meter.
- Discuss the safety, care, and maintenance of electrical testing equipment.
Laws and Codes: The National Electric Code®, NFPA 70E, and OSHA
The electrical trades is a highly governed industry. This resource explains the various governing bodies related to electrical tasks. Each body maintains national standards for almost everything involved with rough-in and trim-out tasks. Additionally, local jurisdictions may have additional standards. Electrical workers must know the standards and follow them strictly to perform electrical tasks to code.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain the purpose, organization, and use of the NEC®.
- Explain the NFPA 70 E Standards for electrical workers.
- Explain OSHA standards for electrical workers.
- Explain the IEEE-NESC standards for electrical work.
- Explain the ICC standards for electrical work.
Electrical Boxes: Concepts, Equipment, and Procedures
Electrical boxes, or outlet boxes, enclosed wire connections. There are many kinds of boxes including switch boxes, pull boxes, junction boxes, lighting outlet boxes, and specialty boxes. Electrical workers must know how to select, size, install, and support electrical boxes according to electrical code.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain how electricians use national recognized testing laboratories and the UL White Book.
- Describe the different types of electrical boxes, the different materials used in their construction, and their specific uses.
- Describe outlet box covers and the different types.
- Explain how to size outlet boxes.
- Explain the location requirements for device boxes.
- Explain how to install different types of device boxes.
Raceways: Concepts, Equipment, and Procedures
Electrical raceways are enclosed conduits that form physical pathways for electrical wiring. Raceways protect the wires and cables from the environment including heat, humidity, corrosion, water intrusion, and general physical damage. Electrical workers must understand how to select the proper type of raceway for the specific situation and how to install the raceway according to national and local electrical code.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Describe the different types of conduit and when each should be used.
- Explain codes related to conduit and raceways.
- Describe raceways and related supports, fasteners, and anchors.
- Describe cable trays and related supports.
- Explain how to cut conduit and PVC using different common tools.
- Explain how to ream conduit.
- Explain how to thread conduit.
- Explain different types of conduit bends and when each is required.
- Explain how to bend conduit.
Cables and Conductors: Concepts, Equipment, and Procedures
This resource explores electrical conductors and cable. An electrical conductor refers to the material that allows the electricity to flow from the source to the device being energized. Electrical conduit refers to a hollow tube that holds electrical wires. Electrician fish the wires through the conduit during installation. Cable refers to a group of wires incased in a sheath designed to protect the wires from damage from the environment. Electrical workers must know how to select and install conduit, cable, and conduit according to the national and local electrical code.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Describe the different type of conductor material.
- Explain the AWG system.
- Explain wire stranding.
- Describe the different types of insulation for conductors.
- Explain the color coding of electrical conductors.
- Explain how wire is rated.
- Describe connectors for electrical cable.
- Describe terminals and lugs for electrical cable.
- Describe types of cable.
- Describe different cable fittings and supports
- Explain how to install conductors into raceways.
Switches: Concepts, Equipment, and Procedures
An electrical switch is any device used to interrupt the flow of the electrical current. This resource explores the many kinds of switches as well as how to select and install the switch according to the proper electrical codes
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain how an electrical switch works.
- Describe different types of switches commonly used in residential construction.
- Explain the factors to consider in selecting a switch.
- Explain codes that govern switch locations.
- Explain how a single-pole switch works.
- Explain how to install a single-pole switch.
- Explain how a three-way switch works.
- Explain how to install a three-way switch.
- Explain how a four-way switch works.
- Explain how to install a four-way switch.
- Explain how a dimmer switch works.
- Explain how to install a dimmer switch
Determining Electrical Requirements: Concepts and Procedures
This resource explores the many different branch circuits in the residential structure. Examples include the lighting branch circuit, receptacle branch circuit, small-appliance branch circuit, bathroom and kitchen branch circuits, and many others. Electricians must be able to determine the electrical requirements based on the plans and national and local codes.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Define branch circuits and the typical branch circuits in a residence.
- Explain general considerations for planning the branch circuits for a building.
- Discuss the general NEC minimum requirements for electrical service.
- Explain how electricians work with the local utility.
- Explain how to use the floor plan and other drawings in determining electrical system requirements.
- Explain how to calculate loads and minimum number of circuits for common circuits using a standard requirement calculation worksheet.
- Discuss the ampacity and potential derating needs.
- Explain how to size the feeder and service entrance conductors.
- Explain how to size the load center.
- Explain how to size the feeders and subpanels.
Electrical Trades: Electrical Plans and Drawings
This resource explores the various types of building and construction plans used by electrical workers as well as the many symbols, lines, and other nomenclature required to understand the way the electrical devices are to be installed.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Describe the purpose of the various types of building plans and drawings and how they are used by electrical workers.
- Identify the various symbols, lines, and other nomenclature in building plans.
- Explain scale as it relates to building plans and relate the measurement of a drawing to the actual worksite.
- Define the common terms associated with framing.
Service Entrances: Concepts, Equipment, and Procedures
The electrical service entrance is where the wires connected to the load side of the electrical meter enter the house or commercial structure. It is commonly called the breaker or fuse box in a residence. Electrical workers must understand how to locate the service drop, now to ground and bond the service entrance, how to work with the utility company, and how to install the equipment according to national and local code.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain the purpose of the service entrance.
- Distinguish between overhead and underground service and related terminology and layout.
- Describe the service meter.
- Describe the requirements related to locating the service drop.
- Discuss the NEC requirements for residential service entrance.
- Discuss grounding and bonding of services grounding.
- Explain the purpose of the panelboard and requirements.
- Discuss the utility company’s role in installing the electrical service to a residential dwelling.
- Describe the requirements for service entrance cable.
- Explain how to set up overhead and underground temporary service entrances and why this is done.
- Identify the service entrance equipment.
- Explain different configurations of service entrance equipment installation.
- Identify the general steps in service installation.
- Identify how a main circuit breaker entrance panel works and is grounded.
- Discuss when subpanels are necessary.
Branch Circuits: Concepts, Equipment and Procedures
This resource explores in more detail the branch circuits found in a residence including the required conductors and associated electrical equipment. Electrical workers must understand how to select the branch circuit equipment and perform the installation tasks according to national and local electrical code.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain each of the common branch circuits and their purpose.
- Identify major codes for each type of branch circuit installation.
- Identify the major types of receptacles and other equipment required for each type of branch circuit installation.
- Discuss the major considerations for installation of each type of branch circuit.
Troubleshooting Electrical Circuits
An important skill of the electrical worker is troubleshooting. This means understanding an electrical problem and then following a standard troubleshooting process to discover the cause of the problem and determine the proper fix. Learners will be able to practice troubleshooting techniques using an online simulation.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain the steps involved in checking that an electrical installation meets the required NEC and local codes.
- Explain how to check the circuits to ensure they work as intended.
- Explain troubleshooting steps for finding circuit and component problems.
- Explain the steps for a service call including the customer skills and traits required for excellent customer service.
Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning (HVAC)
Introduction to HVACR
This resource introduces the HVACR industry and the various career options, requirements, and steps needed to get that entry-level job in the HVACR industry as well as the personal requirements needed for successful industry employees. It also provides a high-level overview of the components of HVACR – heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain the HVACR industry and various career options and requirements.
- Describe the main HVACR processes.
- Explain energy conservation and the LEED program as it relates to HVACR.
- Identify important safety practices specifically related to working as an HVACR Technician.
- Describe the important professional skills required for HVACR technicians in the workplace and career.
Electricity: Basic Concepts, Equipment, and Procedures
This resource provides an overview of electricity theory, equipment, and procedures use by HVAC technicians in their daily tasks. It explains Ohm’s Law and how to perform basic electrical equations related to voltage, current, resistance, and power. It also explains electrical circuits and how to measure related electrical parameters using common measuring devices of ammeters, continuity testers, ohmmeters, megohmmeters, and multimeters. This lesson also explains the typical residential and commercial power distribution and related equipment as well as the safety practices needed in HVAC installation, repair, and maintenance tasks and working with and around electricity in general.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain how electric power is created and used in HVAC equipment.
- Distinguish between AC and DC current.
- Explain the general safety practices required for working with electricity and electrical equipment.
- Explain the electrical lockout/tagout procedures required by OSHA and how these are implemented in HVACR scenarios.
- Define the basic concepts in electrical theory including related calculations.
- Explain electrical diagrams including the representation of various devices used in HVACR work.
Heating: Basic Concepts, Equipment, and Procedures
This resource explores the heating system component of HVAC beginning with the theory of heat, heat transfer, humidity, and combustion. It discusses the various fuels for HVAC systems as well as the numerous types of heating devices and systems. It also explains the functioning and operation of heating system components including how to measure the required parameters needed for HVAC installation, inspection, evaluation, maintenance, and repair.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain the basic concepts related to heating, combustion, and humidity as well as different forms of heat.
- Convert from Celsius temperature measurements to Fahrenheit temperature measurements.
- Discuss transfer of heat by various methods.
- Identify the various power sources/fuels for heating systems.
- Explain the equipment, operation, and basic maintenance tasks related to electric heating equipment.
- Explain the equipment, operation, and basic maintenance tasks related to hydronic heating systems.
- Explain the equipment, operation, and basic maintenance tasks related to forced-air gas furnaces.
Cooling: Basic Concepts, Equipment, and Procedures
This resource explores the cooling system of HVACR beginning with the theory behind heat and temperature, types of heat, heat transfer, HVAC and comfort, and the refrigeration cycle. It then discusses the numerous components of a cooling system and how they function together to create conditioned air. It also explains how to measure the cooling system parameters needed for cooling assessment and cooling system installation, assessment, maintenance, troubleshooting, and repair.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain the refrigeration cycle.
- Describe common refrigerants used in HVAC including the safe handling, storage, and disposal practices.
- Explain the components of cooling systems and how the system works including compressors, condensers, evaporators, control devices, and piping.
- Explain the common primary and secondary controls used in cooling systems and their functioning.
- Explain how to perform common tasks related to cooling systems.
Air Distribution: Basic Concepts, Equipment, and Procedures
This resource provides an overview of the air distribution system used in HVAC systems to distribute the heated or cooled air in a residence or building. It begins with the physics behind airflow and then discusses the different types of materials and physical components of air distribution systems. It also discusses how to measure air distribution parameters required for installation, maintenance, and repair of HVAC systems.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain the physics of airflow as it relates to air distribution systems in HVAC systems.
- Detail the air distribution system in a residential structure.
- Explain how to use measurement instruments.
- Explain the various measurements HVAC technicians make within the air distribution system.
- Describe the various equipment used in air distribution systems including blowers, fans, duct materials, fittings, grills, registers, and dampers.
- Read the related charts used in air distribution system installation and maintenance tasks.
- Explain air distribution system layouts and related air movement through the system.
- Explain how to create and maintain efficient air distribution systems.
- Explain how to troubleshoot air distribution problems.
Piping: Basic Concepts, Equipment, and Procedures
This resource explores the different types of piping used in HVACR systems including piping material, sizes, insulation, fittings, and hangers and support. It also discusses the various techniques and procedures used to bend and manipulate different types of piping and attached piping together and to fittings.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Identify and describe the different types of copper tubing.
- Identify and describe the different types of copper tubing fittings.
- Explain how to measure, cut, and bend copper tubing for joining.
- Explain how to join copper tubing using mechanical fittings.
- Identify and describe hangers and supports commonly used for copper tubing installation.
- Identify and describe the different types of plastic piping.
- Explain how to join plastic piping.
Soldering and Brazing: Basic Concepts, Equipment, and Procedures
This resource discusses the proper and safe techniques for soldering and brazing including the basic concepts, the equipment, and the various procedures. HVAC technicians use soldering and brazing often in HVAC installation and repair tasks.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain the safe operation of soldering equipment.
- Explain the steps in soldering copper tubing including setup, preparation, and performing the soldering process.
- Explain the safe operation of brazing equipment.
- Explain the steps in brazing copper tubing including setup, preparation, and performing the soldering process.
Building Trades Essentials
Orientation to Building Trades
The building trades industry is broad based and complex. Activities range from general construction skills to highly technical job-specific skills such as welding, plumbing, HVAC, electrical, and many others. There is a very strong demand for workers and it is expected that that demand will only increase as populations, business, and local economies expand. There are currently tens of thousands of new jobs and replacement worker jobs as the current workforce leaves or retires.
Nationally, it is expected that over one million construction-related jobs will be created over the next ten years at all levels. This lesson provides an orientation to the building trades and technology industry and identifies several career path options as well as required professional skills for entry level workers.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Describe the building trades industry
- Explain the concept of green building
- Describe a residential and commercial construction site
- Identify various career options within the building trades
- Identify the required professional skills in the building trades industry
Safety in Building Trades
Working at a construction site can be dangerous. The risk for injury or worse can be reduced by eliminating at-risk behavior by workers and visitors, training, and assuring that every person recognizes the hazards and knows how to avoid them as well as handle an incident if it does occur.
Safety must be incorporated into all aspects of the job of every employee. With that in mind, this module focuses on basic construction site safety. You will learn why it is important, how to look for and identify common hazards, and what to do when you find them as well as how to protect yourself using some common sense and personal protective equipment.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain why safety is important in the workplace, the causes of incidents and accidents, the associated costs, and the process of hazard recognition and control, including HAZCOM and SDSs.
- Explain requirements for working safely in elevated working using ladders, stairs, and scaffolds, including fall prevention, arrest, and protection guidelines
- Explain struck-by hazards and caught-in-between, including how to avoid them
- Explain energy-related hazards, including how to avoid them and lockout/tagout procedures
- Explain proper use of personal protective equipment used in construction worksites
- Explain specific job-site safety hazards including exposure hazards, environmental extremes, hot work and firefighting procedures, and confined spaces.
Math & Measurements in Building Trades
Most jobs in the construction and craft trades industry require a solid foundation in basic math to measure, calculate, read plans, and layout materials. This math includes basic adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing as well as accurate measuring, algebra, geometry, and sometimes trigonometry.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Use whole numbers in basic math problems related tasks in the trades
- Use various tools to make accurate linear measurements
- Use fractions in basic math problems related tasks in the trades
- Use decimals in basic math problems related to tasks in the trades
- Convert units of length, weight, volume, and temperature between the U.S. customary scale and the metric system
- Apply basic geometry concepts to trade-related problems
- Calculate area and volume of two-dimensional and three-dimensional shapes
- Perform basic business math problems related to the trades
- Correctly solve trades-related math problems
Hand Tools - Safety, Use & Care
Every trades worker uses a variety of tools to complete their tasks. Some of these tools are general construction tools and others are highly specialized tools needed to accomplish a specific task. It is essential that every trades worker understand how to use tools safely and properly as well as how to maintain, care for, and store them. This course focuses on how to use common hand tools properly and safely as well as how to maintain the tools so that they last for years.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain and apply general and tool safety, care, and storage practices.
- Identify and explain how to use various types of measurement and layout tools.
- Identify and explain how to use a variety of hammers and nail pullers.
- Identify and explain how to use various types of pliers, screwdrivers, and wrenches.
- Identify and explain how to use various cutting tools.
- Identify and explain how to use various digging tools.
- Identify and explain how to use various holding, securing, and moving tools.
- Identify and explain how to use various fitting tools.
- Explain procedures and concepts related to handling materials safely.
- Identify and explain the use of non-motorized material handling equipment.
Power Tools - Safety, Use & Care
Every trades worker uses a variety of power tools to complete their tasks. Some of these tools are general construction tools and others are highly specialized according to their specific skill set. It is essential that every trades work understand how to use power tools safely and properly as well as how to maintain and store them. This course focuses on how to use common power tools properly and safely as well as how to maintain the tools so that they last for years and stay safe to use.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Identify and explain how to use selected power tools.
- Identify and explain how to use various types of power saws.
- Identify and explain how to use various types grinder and grinder attachments.
- Identify and explain how to use a variety of other selected power tools.
Fasteners, Adhesives, and Sealants
Every trades worker uses a variety of fasteners, adhesives, and sealants for many different tasks in construction. As a worker in the building trades industry, you are expected to know how to select the appropriate fastener, adhesive, or sealant for the specific job and then install or use it properly and safely.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Select the appropriate fastener type and size for common construction jobs.
- Explain how to use common fastener types correctly.
- Describe different types and uses of common adhesives.
- Describe common sealants and their uses.
Rigging Equipment and Concepts
A common activity at many construction sites is the movement of materials and equipment from one place to another. In order to do this, you need various types of lifting equipment. This process is called rigging. Rigging describes the use of ropes, straps, chains, slings, and related fittings to hoist heavy objects into place with a crane. If you work on a construction site – either residential or commercial - you must at least understand the rigging equipment and process and how to use the Emergency Stop hand signal in case of an emergency.
Safety is a critical consideration in rigging. Though you will require additional training to participate in rigging procedures, you should understand the equipment and safety practices.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Identify and describe the types of rigging equipment.
- Explain how to inspect common rigging equipment for safety.
- Use the Emergency Stop hand signal.
Introduction to Drawing and Plans
In order to complete the required tasks, trade and construction workers use construction drawings that show the actual components of the building project. Drawings provide the locations of the parts of a structure, the types of materials to be used, and the proper layout. There are several types of drawings, each with a specific purpose. There are also basic components, standard drawing elements, and specific measurement tools that are used with construction drawings. Construction and trades workers must develop their skills in reading and using construction drawings properly.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Identify the types of construction drawings, including their fundamental components and features.
- Properly an engineer’s and architect’s scale.
Plumbing
Introduction to Plumbing Trades
This resource introduces the plumbing industry and responsibilities of plumbing professionals. It also explores the safety risks inherent in plumbing-related environment and tasks. This lesson also discusses a residential HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning) system because Plumbing Technicians often work hand-in-hand with HVAC systems and professionals. The goal is to set the stage for the rest of the course.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain the plumbing industry and various career options and requirements.
- Identify the responsibilities of a person working in the plumbing industry.
- Explain the safety risks and procedures for working in the plumbing industry.
- Explain how HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning) systems and professionals work together with plumbing systems in a residential or commercial environment.
Plumbing Tools
This resource explains plumbing tools commonly used by plumbing professionals. These include basic hand tools and power tools. It also discusses how to use these tools safely and properly as well as how to store and maintain these tools. Additionally, plumbers use math as an important tool frequently in their plumbing tasks when they read plans, calculate pipe length, layout fixtures, and more. This course reviews basic math for plumbing professionals.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Identify the basic hand tools used by plumbing professionals.
- Identify the basic power tools used by plumbing professionals.
- Explain how to use hand and power tools safely and properly.
- Explain how to store and maintain hand and power tools used in plumbing tasks.
- Demonstrate knowledge of basic math for plumbing tasks
Plumbing Drawings, Material Organization, and Basic Skills
This resource introduces plumbing drawings (blueprints) used by plumbing professionals. Drawings show the worker how the plumbing system is designed, where components are located, and the dimensions of the components. This lesson also introduces plumbing code that must be followed to maintain individual and public safety. It also explains some basic skills such as caulking, sealing, and plumbing demolition.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain the types and components of plumbing drawings.
- Explain the purpose of plumbing code.
- Explain the materials, tools, methods, and steps for caulking and sealing different building materials.
- Explain the proper procedures for demolition and replacement of various plumbing fixtures.
Plumbing Pipe, Fittings, Valves, and Devices
This resource discusses the many different types of materials used in plumbing including different types of pipe, solvents, fittings, hangers, valves, and support devices. Pipes are used to move water into the plumbing system and water and waste out of the plumbing system. Fittings and valves play an important role in that they ensure the system remains safe and can be located as needed in the structure. Plumbing professionals must understand the materials of their trade.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Identify the different types of pipe and tubing used in various plumbing tasks.
- Identify the different types of plumbing fittings and their uses.
- Explain the methods and techniques used to join various types of pipe.
- Identify the various types of valves used in plumbing tasks, how the valves operate, and the advantages and disadvantages of each valve type.
Plumbing Fixtures, Assemblies, Equipment, and Appliances
This resource explores plumbing fixtures, assemblies, equipment, and appliances used in plumbing systems. Fixtures are exchangeable devices connected to a plumbing system to deliver and drain water and waste such as faucets, sings, toilets, showerheads, bathtubs, etc.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain the purpose and construction of plumbing fixtures and assemblies commonly used in plumbing.
- Explain the steps plumbers used to install plumbing fixtures.
- Describe the construction, operation, and purpose of various appliances commonly installed in plumbing systems.
- Explain steps for installing specified appliances.
Plumbing Drain, Waste, and Vent Systems
This resource explores various types of plumbing drains as well as waste and vent systems. In a plumbing system, there are many different drains such as in the lavatory, kitchen sink, bathtub, shower, and specific areas.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Identify and describe the different types of copper tubing.
- Explain the steps used by plumbing professionals for drain troubleshooting and cleaning.
- Explain waste and venting systems in plumbing systems.
Water Service and Distribution Systems
This resource introduces water distribution system moves water from a public or private source into a building structure where it is used by the occupants. Plumbing professionals must understand the various materials and equipment used in these systems as well as how the system works.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain how waters is distributed from a public or private water source to a structure.
- Explain the components of a basic water distribution system.
Electricity Basics
Plumbing technicians work with electrical devices in their daily tasks. This resource covers basic electrical concepts and safety requirements and practices. It explains Ohm’s Law and how to perform basic electrical equations related to voltage, current, resistance, and power. It also explains electrical circuits and how to measure related electrical parameters using common measuring devices of ammeters, continuity testers, ohmmeters, megohmmeters, and multimeters. This resource also explains the typical residential and commercial power distribution and related equipment as well as the safety practices needed in plumbing installation, repair, and maintenance tasks and working with and around electricity in general.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain how electric power is created and used in PLUMBING equipment.
- Distinguish between AC and DC current.
- Explain the general safety practices required for working with electricity and electrical equipment.
- Explain the electrical lockout/tagout procedures required by OSHA and how these are implemented in PLUMBING scenarios.
- Define the basic concepts in electrical theory including related calculations.
- Explain electrical diagrams including the representation of various devices used in plumbing work.
Plumbing Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and the Basic Repair Procedures
This resource discusses basic plumbing maintenance, troubleshooting, and basic repair procedures. It explains and provides opportunities for simulation practice of troubleshooting various common plumbing appliances.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain the tasks involved in basic plumbing maintenance.
- Explain how to troubleshoot an electric water heater.
- Explain how to troubleshoot a toilet.
- Explain how to troubleshoot a kitchen sink.
- Explain how to troubleshoot a gas water heater.
Diesel Technology
Introduction to Vehicle Safety, Systems, Maintenance, and Service
This resource covers important safety practices, equipment, and considerations related to vehicle maintenance and service. In any shop environment, safety is the highest priority. All workers must understand hazards related to vehicle maintenance and service and then consistently apply safety practices with each task. Additionally, workers must develop a safety attitude. This lesson also provides an overview of vehicle systems and parts, tools, fasteners, and maintenance programs recommended by vehicle manufacturers.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain the safety rules and procedures related to vehicle repair and service.
- Explain how to properly and safely use tools and equipment found in vehicle repair and service shops.
- Explain the purpose of each vehicle system.
- Explain special considerations for working on high voltage electrical, electric, and hybrid vehicles.
- Define the common terms used in automotive service.
- Explain how to prepare a vehicle for service and for the customer after service.
- Identify the components and explain operation of SRS.
- Explain how to accurately make measurements using a caliper, micrometer, and dial gauge.
Fundamentals of Electricity, Electronic Systems, and Computers
This resource explores basic electrical principles that serve as the foundation of vehicle electrical systems and their maintenance and servicing. Vehicle technicians must have a solid understanding of electricity. Modern vehicles are managed and monitored by electrical and electronic devices. Electronics refers to the branch of electricity that addresses the behavior of flows of electrons through solids, liquids, gases, and across vacuums. With a solid understanding of electricity behavior, vehicle technicians can understand the basic electronics and electronic engine management systems found in modern vehicles.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain electrical fundamentals for vehicles
- Describe vehicle electrical components and operation.
- Explain the vehicle electrical supply.
- Explain how to measure electrical parameters for a vehicle.
- Explain the starting system of a vehicle including how to inspect and test it.
- Explain vehicle lighting circuit fundamentals.
- Explain the various vehicle lighting electrical circuits.
- Discuss lighting circuit fault diagnosis.
- Explain vehicle ignition system fundamentals.
- Explain lighting system measurement procedures for fault diagnosis and troubleshooting.
- Explain the starting and charging systems operations, measurement, and diagnosis.
- Explain how to prepare a vehicle for service.
Starting and Charging
This resource explores batteries in their function in vehicles. Batteries store electrical energy as chemical energy. This energy is then used to start a motor vehicle as well as to provide short-term use of things such as lights, stereos, GPS, wipers, etc. when the engine is off. The vehicle charging system includes the batteries, the alternator, the voltage regulator, associated wiring, and the electrical loads. Its purpose is to recharge the batteries whenever necessary and provide the current required to power the electrical components of the vehicle. The technician must understand these systems and components in order to safely maintain and service the vehicle.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain the types and operation of batteries.
- Review how to use electrical test equipment.
- Explain starting system fundamentals.
- Discuss the steps to starting system inspection and testing.
- Explain charging system fundamentals.
- Discuss the steps for charging system inspection and testing.
- Review safety related to working on high voltage electric vehicles.
- Discuss electric and hybrid vehicle systems.
- Explain the operation of starting and charging systems.
- Explain starting and charging systems measurement.
- Discuss the diagnosis steps for starting and charging systems.
Lighting & Accessories
This resource explores the chassis electrical system of the vehicle, specifically the lighting and accessories. It is essential that the technician be able to apply knowledge of electricity and electronics to these systems in order to maintain, troubleshoot, and service the electrical components of the vehicle as well as apply appropriate safety practices.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Review lighting circuit fundamentals.
- Review various lighting circuits and operations.
- Review lighting systems measurement procedures and diagnosis.
- Review Auxiliary Systems Operation.
- Review starting and charging systems operations and diagnosis.
Manual Drive Trains & Axles
This resource explores the standard transmission of a vehicle. The drive train sits behind the transmission of a vehicle and propels the vehicle. It conveys power from the engine, through the transmission to the drive wheels on the vehicle controlling the amount of torque. Technicians must understand the theory of the system as well as how the components work together in order to maintain and service the vehicle.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain manual transmission system fundamentals.
- Identify the components of a manual transmission.
- Discuss the operation of a manual transmission.
- Explain the steps for manual transmission and driveline servicing.
Automatic Transmission
This resource explores automatic transmissions. There are both hydromechanical automatic transmissions as well as electronically controlled automatic transmissions. Technicians must understand the fundamentals of automatic transmissions as well as the operation of the drivetrain and drivelines in order to safely and properly maintain and service the vehicle.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain automatic transmission system fundamentals.
- Discuss the drivetrain and drivelines.
- Explain front wheel final drive systems and rear wheel final drive systems.
- Discuss steps to transmission servicing.
- Discuss electric and hybrid vehicle systems.
Driveshaft Assemblies, Axles, Suspension and Steering
This resource explores the driveshaft assemblies, axles, suspension system, and steering system of the vehicle. The driveshaft assembly sends turning power from the transmission to the rear axle assembly. The axles are the central shafts that connect to the wheels. The vehicle suspension smooths out the ride and helps to keep the vehicle in control by maximizing the friction between the tires and road to provide steering stability and safe handling. The steering system converts the rotation of the steering wheel into movement of the wheels. Technicians must understand the numerous components in these systems as well as how the components work together in order to maintain and service the vehicle.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain suspension system fundamentals.
- Identify suspension system components.
- Explain the operation of suspension system components.
- Discuss the steps for inspection and repair of a suspension system.
- Identify the components of the steering system.
- Explain the operation of the steering system.
- Review wheel and tire fundamentals and inspection.
- Explain the steps to wheel and tire servicing.
- Discuss SRS components, operation, inspection, and diagnosis.
Brakes
This resource explores the brake systems of the vehicle including hydraulic brakes, air-over-hydraulic brakes, ABS, and EBS. The technician must understand these systems in order to maintain and service the vehicle.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain the types and various components of wheels and tires.
- Explain the steps for wheel and tire servicing.
- Explain brake system fundamentals.
- Describe drum brakes.
- Explain hydraulic control as it relates to brakes.
- Discuss power assistance.
- Explain brake related warning systems.
- Discuss anti-lock braking systems.
- Explain ABS.
- Explain the steps in brake system servicing.
- Describe stop and backup light circuits.
Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) and Heavy-Duty Truck Trailers, Fifth Wheels, and Coupling Systems
This resource explores the heating, ventilation, and air condition system of the vehicle. The technician must understand these components in order to properly service and maintain the vehicle. Additionally, this lesson discusses vehicle chassis frames, types and construction of heavy-duty truck trailers, and fifth wheels and related coupling systems.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain heating and air conditioning fundamentals.
- Identify the HVAC components.
- Explain the operation of HVAC components in a vehicle.
- Explain the steps involved in vehicle HVAC servicing.
Engine Repair
This resource explores different types of engine systems including their regular maintenance and minor repair tasks. Technicians must understand engine system theory as well as the components and functioning of those components in the top and bottom end. Technicians must also understand the basic steps for engine lubrication, for inspecting the engine cooling system, and for general engine inspection.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain the fundamentals of an engine system.
- Explain the components and functioning of the top end.
- Explain the components and functioning of the bottom end.
- Explain the steps for servicing an engine.
- Explain engine lubrication systems.
- Explain engine cooling systems.
- Explain the steps in engine inspection.
Engine Performance
This resource explores engine performance, which is an indication of how well the engine converts chemical energy contained in the fuel into useful mechanical work performed by the vehicle. It discusses how to use electrical test equipment to measure engine parameters, the ignition system, the engine management system, the air induction components, the emission control system, diesel engine management, and types of fuel. These are essential fundamentals for technicians in order to perform a basic engine inspection and maintenance tasks.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Review the engine components, top end, and bottom end.
- Review engine lubrication systems.
- Review engine cooling systems.
- Explain how to use electrical test equipment for measurement of vehicle parameters.
- Explain transducer circuits and components.
- Explain ignition system fundamentals.
- Explain engine management system fundamentals.
- Explain engine management fault investigation procedures.
- Discuss air induction components and operation.
- Explain emission control systems.
- Explain diesel engine management.
- Explain steps for ignition system servicing.
- Explain how to perform an engine inspection.
Automotive Employment & Workplace Skills
This resource covers basic employment and workplace skills required of the automotive technician. These skills relate to effective communication, excellent customer service, professional attitudes and behaviors, and effective problem-solving and critical thinking.
After completing this resource, Learners will be able to:
- Explain the professional skills required for vehicle technicians.
- Discuss customer service highlighting important skills, attitudes, and behaviors.